In VDPP, LLC v. Volkswagen Group of America, Inc., VDPP, a non-practicing entity (NPE) sued Volkswagen for allegedly infringing U.S. Patent No. 9,426,452 (the asserted patent), covering electrically controlled spectacles. Because the asserted patent had expired before VDPP filed suit, VDPP’s case depended on recovering damages for infringement that occurred before the…